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(詳細はaverage weekly earnings, calculated on the average weekly ordinary time earnings for full-time employees published by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The gender pay gap excludes part-time, casual earnings and overtime payments.〔Department of Commerce. (''Frequently asked questions about pay equity''. ) Retrieved on May 06, 2011.〕 Australia has a persistent gender pay gap. Since 1990, the gender pay gap remained within a narrow range of between 15 and 18%.〔National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling. (''The impact of a sustained gender wage gap on the economy''. ) Report to the Office for Women, Department of Families, Community Services, Housing and Indigenous Affairs, 2009, p. v-vi.〕 In May 2013, the Australian gender pay gap was 17.87%.〔(''6302.0 - Average Weekly Earnings, Australia, May 2015''. ) Australian Government, 2015.〕 However, it has been noted that some of this gap could be down to differing career choices between the genders, as this is an aggregate figure, with some sources citing an actual pay gap (for equal work) of below 3%.〔 Retrieved on November 22, 2015.〕 ==Studies== A 2009 report by the National Center for Social and Economic Modelling (NATSEM) prepared for the Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs stated: "Using robust microeconomic modelling techniques, based on a comprehensive and critical evaluation of several methodologies, we found that simply being a woman is the major contributing factor to the gap in Australia, accounting for 60 per cent of the difference between women’s and men’s earnings, a finding which reflects other Australian research in this area. Indeed, the results showed that if the effects of being a woman were removed, the average wage of an Australian woman would increase by $1.87 per hour, equating to an additional $65 per week or $3,394 annually, based on a 35 hour week." (The second most important factor in explaining the pay gap was industrial segregation.)〔 Data collected by NATSEM for the Catalyst Australia publication, ''Equality Speaks'',〔(Catalyst Australia, ''Equality Speaks'' Chapter 10, 2009 )〕 found that the gap between the average wealth of men and women also varies according to the occupations and industries in which they are engaged. According to industry, the largest gap in personal wealth between men and women is within the finance and insurance sector ($330 600 versus $88 500) where many women work. By contrast, there exists only a small differential in the construction industry ($63 500 versus $62 700) where few women work. In other industries where many women work, there are large wealth gaps: for example, in health and community services ($174 000 versus $68 000) and retail trade ($84 000 versus $34 000). Turning from industry to occupation, other significant disparities are revealed. The greatest disparity between the average wealth of men and women is amongst elementary clerical, sales and service workers ($110 400 versus $19 900). Jobs that fall within this category include sales assistants, security guards and laundry workers. The smallest relative wealth gap can be seen in advanced clerical and service workers ($91 600 versus $83 500). Jobs in this occupational category include book-keepers, personal assistants and secretaries. Ian Watson of Macquarie University also examined the gender pay according to occupation, specifically the gap among full-time managers in Australia over the period 2001-2008. He found that between 65 and 90% of this earnings differential could not be explained by a large range of demographic and labor market variables. Watson notes that a "major part of the earnings gap is simply due to women managers being female." He also found that despite the "characteristics of male and female managers being remarkably similar, their earnings are very different, suggesting that discrimination plays an important role in this outcome."〔Watson, Ian (2010). (''Decomposing the Gender Pay Gap in the Australian Managerial Labour Market''. ) ''Australian Journal of Labour Economics'', Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 49-79.〕 Economist Paul Miller explored the degree to which the Australian gender pay gap differs across the wage distribution and found that the gender pay gap was much greater among high wage earners than among low wage earners. At the top of the wage distribution (95th quantile) the pay gap reached 25% or more while at the bottom the pay gap was around 10%. He concluded that "the notion of a ‘glass ceiling', whereby 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gender pay gap in Australia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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